Suchergebnisse

AbstractRecent trends in international migration reveal increasing migration outflows from Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. This development is accompanied by a massive rise in youth unemployment and a major increase in the young population in this region. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of migration patterns and analyses the interacting effect of the unfavourable combination of youth unemployment and demographic pressure on migration decisions. Based on an assessment of bilateral migration flows from 19 MENA to 34 OECD countries between 1995 and 2020, we find that youth unemployment plays a significant role in explaining emigration flows from MENA countries. We also find that the migration‐generating effect of youth unemployment is contingent upon demographic pressure in the youth cohorts and increases with an increasing number of youths.

Obwohl China in den letzten Jahrzehnten spektakuläre Wachstumsraten ausweisen konnte, begünstigten die Öffnungspolitik und niedrigere Transportkosten insbesondere die Küste sich souverän zu entwickeln, während das Inland nur moderates Wachstum ausweisen konnte und ein großer Teil der Bevölkerung immer noch in Armut lebt. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigt China ein besonders geeignetes Beispiel für die Analyse erfolgreicher Entwicklung, steigender Disparitäten und hoher Armut sowie deren Interdependenzen. Kapitel zwei analysiert die Determinanten des wirtschaftlichen Erfolges und untersucht, ob zwischen den Provinzen ein Aufholprozess stattfindet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Provinzen auf einem Konvergenzpfad befinden und identifizieren zwei Quellen erfolgreicher Entwicklung: 1) internationale Integration treibt das Wachstum durch Imitation, Technologietransfer und dynamische Skaleneffekte und 2) heimisches physisches und Humankapital zeigt ebenfalls positive Effekte auf Wachstum. Kapitel zwei untersucht die Auswirkungen von Faktordisparitäten auf Einkommensdisparitäten auf Provinzebene und analysiert wie eine ungleiche Verteilung der Wachstumsfaktoren die Verteilung des Einkommens bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass steigende Disparitäten in Kapital, Handel und Infrastruktur die Einkommensdisparität erhöhen, wohingegen die sinkende Ungleichverteilung der FDI und des Humankapitals diese senkt. In Kapitel vier werden schließlich paarweise kausale Interaktionen zwischen Wachstum, Disparitäten und Armut analysiert. Es finden sich kausale Zusammenhänge in beide Richtungen für alle Variablenpaare, somit wird erkennbar, dass diese Faktoren in hohem Maße in Wechselbeziehungen stehen und eine zügige Armutsreduzierung eine länderspezifische Kombination aus Wachstums- und Verteilungsmaßnahmen voraussetzt. ; Although China has experienced spectacular income growth over the last decades, the preferential open door policy and lower transportation costs promoted the coastal provinces to develop superior, while the interior provinces showed only moderate growth rates and still a large part of the population is living in poverty. In this regard, China provides a particularly suitable example for the analysis of its successful economic development but also its rising inequality and high poverty rate as well as their interdependencies. Chapter two analyses the determinants of China's success story and investigate if there is a catch up process across the provinces. The results show that the provinces are on a converging path and identify two sources of development: 1) international integration in terms of trade and FDI driving growth through the channels of imitation, technology spill-overs and dynamic scale effects and 2) domestic capital in terms of physical and human capital also showing a highly significant positive effect on GDP growth. The subsequent chapter investigates the role of factor inequality on income inequality on the provincial level and analyses to what extent the unequal distribution in this growth factors has an effect on the income inequality in the country. The results show that rising disparities in physical capital, trade and infrastructure raise income inequality, while a decline in the factor inequality of FDI and human capital involves a decline in income inequality. Finally, chapter four extends the development debate by analyzing the pairwise causal interactions of growth, inequality and poverty. We find causal relationships in both directions for all pairs of variables so that the results reveal that growth, distribution and poverty reduction are strongly interrelated and a rapid poverty reduction requires a country-specific combination of growth++ ; Margarete Redlin ; Tag der Verteidigung: 13.11.2012 ; Paderborn, Univ., Diss., 2012

Obwohl China in den letzten Jahrzehnten spektakuläre Wachstumsraten ausweisen konnte, begünstigten die Öffnungspolitik und niedrigere Transportkosten insbesondere die Küste sich souverän zu entwickeln, während das Inland nur moderates Wachstum ausweisen konnte und ein großer Teil der Bevölkerung immer noch in Armut lebt. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigt China ein besonders geeignetes Beispiel für die Analyse erfolgreicher Entwicklung, steigender Disparitäten und hoher Armut sowie deren Interdependenzen. Kapitel zwei analysiert die Determinanten des wirtschaftlichen Erfolges und untersucht, ob zwischen den Provinzen ein Aufholprozess stattfindet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Provinzen auf einem Konvergenzpfad befinden und identifizieren zwei Quellen erfolgreicher Entwicklung: 1) internationale Integration treibt das Wachstum durch Imitation, Technologietransfer und dynamische Skaleneffekte und 2) heimisches physisches und Humankapital zeigt ebenfalls positive Effekte auf Wachstum. Kapitel zwei untersucht die Auswirkungen von Faktordisparitäten auf Einkommensdisparitäten auf Provinzebene und analysiert wie eine ungleiche Verteilung der Wachstumsfaktoren die Verteilung des Einkommens bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass steigende Disparitäten in Kapital, Handel und Infrastruktur die Einkommensdisparität erhöhen, wohingegen die sinkende Ungleichverteilung der FDI und des Humankapitals diese senkt. In Kapitel vier werden schließlich paarweise kausale Interaktionen zwischen Wachstum, Disparitäten und Armut analysiert. Es finden sich kausale Zusammenhänge in beide Richtungen für alle Variablenpaare, somit wird erkennbar, dass diese Faktoren in hohem Maße in Wechselbeziehungen stehen und eine zügige Armutsreduzierung eine länderspezifische Kombination aus Wachstums- und Verteilungsmaßnahmen voraussetzt.. - Although China has experienced spectacular income growth over the last decades, the preferential open door policy and lower transportation costs promoted the coastal provinces to develop superior, while the interior provinces showed only moderate growth rates and still a large part of the population is living in poverty. In this regard, China provides a particularly suitable example for the analysis of its successful economic development but also its rising inequality and high poverty rate as well as their interdependencies. Chapter two analyses the determinants of China's success story and investigate if there is a catch up process across the provinces. The results show that the provinces are on a converging path and identify two sources of development: 1) international integration in terms of trade and FDI driving growth through the channels of imitation, technology spill-overs and dynamic scale effects and 2) domestic capital in terms of physical and human capital also showing a highly significant positive effect on GDP growth. The subsequent chapter investigates the role of factor inequality on income inequality on the provincial level and analyses to what extent the unequal distribution in this growth factors has an effect on the income inequality in the country. The results show that rising disparities in physical capital, trade and infrastructure raise income inequality, while a decline in the factor inequality of FDI and human capital involves a decline in income inequality. Finally, chapter four extends the development debate by analyzing the pairwise causal interactions of growth, inequality and poverty. We find causal relationships in both directions for all pairs of variables so that the results reveal that growth, distribution and poverty reduction are strongly interrelated and a rapid poverty reduction requires a country-specific combination of growth

Concerns about the duration of China's growth and hence the question of a permanent significant contribution of China to world economic growth relate, amongst other things, to the problem of reducing regional disparity in China. While China's high average growth is driven by a small number of rapidly developing provinces, the majority of provinces have experienced more moderate development. To obtain broad continous growth it is important to identify the determinants of provincial growth. Therefore, we introduce a stylized model of regional development which is characterized by two pillars: (i) International integration indicated by FDI and/or trade lead to imitation of international technologies, technology spill overs and temporary dynamic scale economies, and (ii) domestic factors indicated by human and real capital available through interregional factor mobility. Using panel data analysis and GMM estimates our empirical analysis supports the predictions from our theoretical model of regional development. Positive and significant coefficients for FDI and trade support the importance of international integration and technology imitation. A negative and significant lagged GDP per capita indicates a catching up, non steady state process across China's provinces.Highly significant human and real capital identifies the importance of these domestic growth restricting factors. However, other potentially important factors like labor or government expenditures are (surprisingly) insignificant or even negative. Further, in contrast to implications from NEG models indicators for urbanization and agglomeration do not contribute significantly.

Since the 9/11 attacks more attention has been given to the question why the United States is a major target for transnational terrorism. What conditions motivate these terrorist activities? Are there specific characteristics in the terrorists home countries that provide a breeding ground for anti-US terrorism? In particular, we ask whether oppressive and bad governments in these countries and/or close connections with the US encourage attacks against the US. Oppressive and bad government behavior, such as human rights violations or poor governance, may provoke resistance against the authorities, including violent attacks. Attacking the United States instead of one s own government may be a promising option, especially if the government s capacity seems dependent on US support. In a count data approach we use panel data for 149 countries from 1981 to 2005. We measure governmental oppressiveness using the physical integrity rights index, and measure a government s closeness to the US with a range of measures. Controlling for a variety of variables, our findings indicate that both oppressiveness and US closeness are important determinants of anti-US terrorism. Furthermore, both effects do not seem completely independent. Sorting into groups, US closeness seems to relate to more attacks the greater the oppressiveness of one s home government s.